Ignacio Allende, Champion of Mexican Independence

Ignacio Josà © de Allende y Unzaga (January 21, 1769–June 26, 1811) was a Mexican-born officer in the Spanish army who switched sides and fought for independence. He fought in the early part of the conflict alongside the â€Å"Father of Mexican Independence,† Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. Although Allende and Hidalgo had some initial success against the Spanish colonial forces, both were eventually captured and executed in 1811. Fast Facts: Ignacio Allende Known For: Taking up arms in the cause of Mexican independenceAlso Known As: Ignacio Josà © de Allende y UnzagaBorn: January 21, 1769 in San Miguel el Grande,  Guanajuato,  New Spain (now  San Miguel de Allende, Mexico)Parents: Domingo Narciso de Allende, Marà ­a Ana de UnzagaDied: June 26, 1811 in Chihuahua,  Nueva Vizcaya,  New Spain (now Mexico)Spouse: Maria de la Luz Agustina de las Fuentes  Children: Indalecio Allende,  Josà © Guadalupe Allende,  Juana Marà ­a Allende Early Life Allende was born to a wealthy Creole family in the town of San Miguel el Grande (the name of the town is now San Miguel de Allende in his honor) on January 21, 1769. As a young man, he led a life of privilege and joined the army while in his 20s. He was an able officer, and some of his promotions would come at the hands of his future foe General Fà ©lix Calleja. By 1808 he returned to San Miguel, where he was put in charge of a royal cavalry regiment. Conspiracies Allende apparently became convinced fairly early on of the need for Mexico to become independent from Spain, perhaps as early as 1806. There was evidence that he was part of an underground conspiracy in Valladolid in 1809, but he was not punished, probably because the conspiracy was quashed before it could go anywhere and he was a skilled officer from a good family. In early 1810, he became involved in another conspiracy, this one led by Mayor of Querà ©taro Miguel Domà ­nguez and his wife. Allende was a valued leader because of his training, contacts, and charisma. The revolution was set to begin in December 1810. El Grito de Dolores The conspirators secretly ordered weapons and spoke to influential Creole military officers, bringing many over to their cause. But in September 1810, they got word that their conspiracy had been found out and warrants were issued for their arrests. Allende was in Dolores on September 15 with Father Hidalgo when they heard the bad news. They decided to start the revolution then and there as opposed to hiding. The next morning, Hidalgo rang the church bells and gave his legendary â€Å"Grito de Dolores† or Cry of Dolores, in which he exhorted the poor of Mexico to take up arms against their Spanish oppressors. The Siege of Guanajuato Allende and Hidalgo suddenly found themselves at the head of an angry mob. They marched on San Miguel, where the mob murdered Spaniards and looted their homes: it must have been difficult for Allende to see this happen in his hometown. After passing through the town of Celaya, which wisely surrendered without a shot, the mob marched on the city of Guanajuato where 500 Spaniards and royalists had fortified the large public granary and prepared to fight. The angry mob fought the defenders for five hours before overrunning the granary, massacring all inside. Then they turned their attention to the city, which was sacked. Monte de Las Cruces The insurgent army continued to make its way toward Mexico City, which began to panic when word of the horrors of Guanajuato reached its citizens. Viceroy Francisco Xavier Venegas hastily scraped together all of the infantry and cavalries he could muster and sent them out to meet the rebels. The royalists and insurgents met on October 30, 1810, at the Battle of Monte de las Cruces not far outside of Mexico City. The barely 1,500 royalists fought bravely but could not defeat the horde of 80,000 insurgents. Mexico City appeared to be within the reach of the rebels. Retreat With Mexico City within their grasp, Allende and Hidalgo did the unthinkable: they retreated back toward Guadalajara. Historians are unsure why they did: all agree that it was a mistake. Allende was in favor of pressing on, but Hidalgo, who controlled the masses of peasants and Indians making up the bulk of the army, overrode him. The retreating army was caught in a skirmish near Aculco by a larger force led by General Calleja and split up: Allende went to Guanajuato and Hidalgo to Guadalajara. Schism Although Allende and Hidalgo agreed on independence, they disagreed on much, particularly on how to wage war. Allende, the professional soldier, was aghast at Hidalgo’s encouragement of the looting of towns and the executions of all Spaniards they came across. Hidalgo argued that the violence was necessary and that without the promise of loot, most of their army would desert. Not all of the army was made up of angry peasants: there were some Creole army regiments, and these were almost all loyal to Allende: when the two men split up, most of the professional soldiers went to Guanajuato with Allende. The Battle of Calderon Bridge Allende fortified Guanajuato, but Calleja, turning his attention to Allende first, drove him out. Allende was forced to retreat to Guadalajara and rejoin Hidalgo. There, they decided to make a defensive stand at the strategic Calderon Bridge. On January 17, 1810, Calleja’s well-trained royalist army met the insurgents there. It seemed that the vast insurgent numbers would carry the day, but a lucky Spanish cannonball ignited a rebel munitions dump, and in the ensuing chaos the undisciplined rebels scattered. Hidalgo, Allende and the other insurgent leaders were forced out of Guadalajara, most of their army gone. Death As they made their way north, Allende had finally had enough of Hidalgo. He stripped him of command and arrested him. Their relationship had already deteriorated so badly that Allende had tried to poison Hidalgo while they were both in Guadalajara before the battle of Calderà ³n Bridge. Hidalgo’s removal became a moot point on March 21, 1811, when Ignacio Elizondo, an insurgent commander, betrayed and captured Allende, Hidalgo and the other insurgency leaders as they made their way north. The leaders were sent to the city of Chihuahua, where all were tried and executed. Allende, Juan Aldama, and Mariano Jimenez were killed on June 26, while Hidalgo died on July 30. Their four heads were sent to hang on the corners of the public granary of Guanajuato. Legacy It was unfortunate for the Mexicans involved in the struggle for Independence that Hidalgo and Allende quarreled so bitterly. In spite of their differences, the tactician and soldier and the charismatic priest made a very good team, something they realized at the end when it was too late. Allende is today remembered as one of the great leaders of the early Mexican Independence movement, and his remains rest in Mexico City’s hallowed Independence Column alongside those of Hidalgo, Jimà ©nez, Aldama, and others. His hometown of San Miguel el Grande was renamed in his honor: San Miguel de Allende. Sources Harvey, Robert. Liberators: Latin America’s Struggle for Independence. Woodstock: The Overlook Press, 2000.Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1986.Scheina, Robert L. Latin America’s Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899. Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s Inc., 2003.Villalpando, Josà © Manuel. Miguel Hidalgo. Mexico City: Editorial Planeta, 2002.

How could the Holocaust have beet prevented - 2210 Words

COULD THE HOLOCAUST HAVE BEEN PREVENTED? You have probably heard about a period of time, not so long ago, known as The Holocaust. A holocaust, according to Websters dictionary, is a complete destruction by fire (Stadtler, 1). In Europe, during this period, there was a complete destruction by fire - of Jewish homes, Jewish businesses, Jewish neighborhoods, and Jewish people. This destruction was carried out under the direction of Adolf Hitler, during the years 1939-1945, but it actually began earlier, in 1933, when Hitler came to power in Germany. In my opinion, the Holocaust, which was caused by ignorance, could very well have been prevented. There were many powerful nations, such as the United Stated, the USSR, and Britain, whose†¦show more content†¦With Germans of all outlooks desperately seeking solutions for the nations problems, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party began their climb to power. Hitler was gifted with effective political talents. He offered an explanation for Germanys defeat, and a vision of Germanys future destiny, that played upon the fears, prejudices, and hopes of many Germans. He promised to rebuild Germanys power and restore its prosperity (Isaacman, 16). This won the support of many Germans. Hitler was such an effective speaker that anything he said was believed even if it was not true. Hitler believed that the German people were part of an Aryan race, a superior group that should be kept pure to fulfill their mission of ruling the world. He felt that the Jewish people were sub-human, when in actuality they were virtually the same as his Aryan race. Not only did Hitler have a personal hatred toward the Jewish people, but he also blamed them for stabbing Germany in the back after Germanys defeat in World War I. Hitler used them as scapegoats because they were a minority and were easy to put the blame on. Historians agree that the Holocaust resulted from a confluence of various factors in a complex historical situation. That anti-Semitism festered throughout the centuries in European culture is centrally important; the Jews were (and are) a minority civilization in a majority environment. In periods of crisis, instead of searching for the solution ofShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Cha nge Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesc.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictable culmination of the long nineteenth century, which was ushered in by the industrial

Research and Communication Valid Ways of Representing Data

Question: Discuss about the Research and Communicationfor Valid Ways of Representing Data. Answer: Introduction The method used in the question is not only appropriate. The data collected can be represented by the use of central tendency and the distribution tables and illustrations (Palinkas, Horwitz, Green, Wisdom, Duan, Hoagwood, 2015). The application of central tendency involves calculating the mean, mode, and the median. Upon analyzing the available data mean is the most suitable to represent this data. The right approach will be summing up all the measurements and diving it by the number of measurements. That is (10 + 50 + 51 + 128 + 80)/5 = 63.8. Alternatively, considering the number of weights used in the study arriving at the summary score using mode can also be appropriate. Again, this data can be illustrated using pie charts, bar, and line graphs, and scatter diagrams (Slutsky, 2014). Similarly, the researcher may use a liker scale to represent data. It is simple to use, time saving and multi-dimensional (answers the question giving five to seven options). However, they focus on two response sides like agree or disagree. They as well fail to measure respondents attitudes. The respondent is restricted on the given choices. This means that the researcher will use the summary score to represent the data. For this question, a bar and line graphs, histogram, frequency table and a pie chart would apply. Types of Quantitative Data Color The respondents will give their responses stating whether the color is yellow, black, red, green and blue. The suitable method for color is the nominal way. Just as the name suggests, respondents give the names of the variables. They could be names of persons, animals or colors. The researcher will then tally which color has a higher frequency. Course Grades They show a certain order of performance in a particular course. Ordinal scales are used to show the most significant variables all the way to the least important (Cliff, 2014). Utilizing that rule, course grades can be classified by the use of the ordinal method. Where, C may be considered as excellent, D for good and perhaps P for poor. Overall Course Score Milfont, Fischer, (2015) narrates that ratio scales give ultimate order for surveys. If a student scores thirty percent that would be a ratio but in a percentage form. It can be concluded that course scores which are in most cases in whole numbers can be presented by the use of ratios. The scores are expressed in to percentages or to the total number of marks allocated for the task. Kelvin Thermometers The Kelvin thermometer is a device used to measure temperature by use of degree Celsius labeled on intervals of 10 degrees (Weng, Luiten, 2015). Therefore, the best method to apply when collecting data from the instrument is by the use of intervals. For example, the data obtained could be between thirty to forty degrees. Study of Lecture Attendance Dependent and Independent Variables This paper holds that the number of students is the dependent variable while the time allocated for the lectures is an independent variable. Fixed variables do not change and include number of days, time in hours and also ages (Creswell, 2013). The dependent variables are influenced by the fixed ones. For this case, students wont attend the 8:30 lectures fully due to the times allocated. However, the will all attend the afternoon ones due to favorable time allocated to the classes. Confounding Variables These are variables which do not affect either the dependent or the independent variables. Their occurrence has no impact on the other variables. In our case, the lecturers attendance is one of them. Whether the lecturer comes or fails to come, most students will still miss the morning and evening classes. Once they know there wont be a class, they wont come. Secondly is the area of residence of the students. Those living far may always fail to attend the morning and leave early, therefore, missing the evening classes. That interferes with the validity of the results. Type of Quantitative Study The type used is the descriptive non-experimental. The methods state the researcher cannot alter or manipulate the variables, he or she has to interact and observe the variables. Therefore, the hypothesis arrived at the end of the study is based on the observations made from the variables by the researcher. Research Design The design is good for testing hypothesis. That is a proposal, a theorem or a proposal about an explanation but it is yet to be justified. At the end, the researcher concludes whether it is alternative or null. The alternative analysis entails what the researcher hopes to prove it is true. On the other hand, null hypothesis specifies that there are no observable effects in the experiment. Researchers attempt to seek evidence against the established hypothesis test. This study is non-experimental showing that the researcher has no control over the variable. Therefore, the hypothesis generated at the end will be based on the researchers observation but not the statistical data. References Cliff, N. (2014). Ordinal methods for behavioral data analysis. Psychology Press, 12-17 Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods Approaches. Sage publications. Pp. 4-12 Milfont, T. L., Fischer, R. (2015). Testing measurement invariance across groups:Applications in cross-cultural research. International Journal of psychological research,3(1), 111-130. Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method Implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533-544. Slutsky, D. J. (2014). The Effective Use of Graphs. Journal of wrist surgery, 3(02), 067-068. Weng, W., Luiten, A. N. (2015). Ultra-sensitive thermometer based on a compact opticalResonator. Temperature, 2(1), 36-37.